Table 2 Sensitization studies in Redwin ingredients not able to be tested

Sorbitol

No specific sensitization study performed. Structurally similar simple sugar alcohols Mannitol and Xylitol did not demonstrate skin reactions or sensitization in patch testing studies [6]. Sorbitol derivatives (e.g., sorbitan sesquioleate) have patch testing data to suggest these can be sensitizing [7].

Triethanolamine

Analysis of 85,098 patients who were patch tested with Triethanolamine 2.5% petrolatum reported a positivity rate 0.4% of patients. The profile of reactions, however, suggested a slight irritant potential rather than true allergic response in most cases [8].

Imidazolidinyl Urea

A retrospective study of 6845 patients patch tested with imidazolidinyl urea demonstrated a positivity rate of 1.9% [9]. There are case reports of contact dermatitis from products containing Imidazolidinyl Urea [10, 11]

Triticum Vulgare (wheat) Germ Oil

Patch test of powder containing 13% Triticum Vulgare (Wheat) Germ Extract was reported in 105 human subjects. No irritation or sensitization was observed [12].

Tetrasodium EDTA

Skin sensitization studies (including a repeat-insult patch test) of products including EDTA did not demonstrate sensitization [13]. Despite this, there is a case report of contact allergy to tetrasodium EDTA [14].

p-chloro-m-Cresol

Patch testing of 3062 patients across 7 centres in the UK demonstrated a sensitization rate of 0.6% [15]. Two case reports of contact urticaria, but no systemic reactions reported [16, 17].

Piroctone Olamine

Animal sensitization studies conducted on guinea pigs did not demonstrate sensitization [18]