Fig. 1

Expansion of CD8⁺ T cells expressing co-inhibitory/stimulatory receptors in the HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infected case. a Representative flow cytometry plot of the gating strategy and percentages of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a healthy control (HC), SARS-CoV-2 mono-infected or co-infected (HIV + SARS-CoV-2). b Representative flow cytometry plots of TIM-3/2B4, PD-1/ICOS, CD39/CD73, and TIGIT expressing CTLs of mono-and-co-infected individuals and a HC. c–i Cumulative data of 2B4⁺, TIM-3⁺, ICOS⁺, PD-1⁺, CD39⁺, TIGIT⁺, and CD73⁺CD8⁺ T cells in ICU admitted mono-infected patients vs. the co-infected case, respectively. j The plasma levels of different co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory molecules in the mono-and-co-infected cases. k Representative plots, and l cumulative data showing the percentages of naïve, T central memory (TCM), T effector memory (TEM), and effector memory re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) CD8⁺ T cell in the co-infected case vs. the ICU admitted cohort of mono-infected individuals